Compound Nouns

A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives.

For example:

The words tooth and paste are each nouns in their own right, but if you join them together they form a new word - toothpaste.

The word black is an adjective and board is a noun, but if you join them together they form a new word - blackboard.

In both these example the first word modifies or describes the second word, telling us what kind of object or person it is, or what its purpose is. And the second part identifies the object or person in question.

Compound nouns can also be formed using the following combinations of words:-

Noun	+	Noun	toothpaste
Adjective	+	Noun	monthly ticket
Verb	+	Noun	swimming pool
Preposition	+	Noun	underground
Noun	+	Verb	haircut
Noun	+	Preposition	hanger on
Adjective	+	Verb	dry-cleaning
Preposition	+	Verb	output

The two parts may be written in a number of ways:-

1. Sometimes the two words are joined together.
Example: tooth + paste = toothpaste | bed + room = bedroom

2. Sometimes they are joined using a hyphen.
Example: check-in

3. Sometimes they appear as two separate words.
Example: full moon

There's a list of lots of compound words here.

A good dictionary will tell you how you should write each compound noun.

anh van hoi viet my

anh van giao tiep

anh van bo ngoai giao

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He was not only a scoundrel, but also a cruel man

Most are coordinating correlatives.

They include:-

both ... and
either ... or
neither ... nor
not only ... but also

For example:-

He was not only a scoundrel, but also a cruel man.

We use either…or together when we want to link two positives:-

For example:-

Either the president or the vice-president will go to the conference. (The president will go to the conference, or the vice-president will go, not both of them though.)

We use neither…nor together when we want to link two negative ideas:-

For example:-

Neither the president nor the vice-president were able to solve the problem. (The president couldn't solve the probliem and the vice-president couldn't solve it either.)

Some are subordinating correlatives.

if ... then
less ... than
more ... than
so ... that

For example:-

She was so hungry that she could have eaten a horse.

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We sometimes call our sisters and brothers siblings.

An English family says 'Hello!'

Mr and Mrs Bell are married.
This is Mary Bell.		Mrs Bell: "Hello I'm Mary Bell, George's wife. George is my husband."	This is George Bell.		Mr Bell: "Hello I'm George Bell, Mary's husband. Mary is my wife."

Mr and Mrs Bell:

"We have two children; Carol and Robert. We are their parents."

This is Carol.	Carol:	"Hello! I'm Carol Bell."
This is Robert.	Carol:	"This is Robert. He's my big brother. I'm his sister."
This is Robert.	Robert:	"Hello! I'm Robert Bell. I'm her brother. She's my little sister."

Carol and Robert :

"Here are our parents. We're their children."

You have already met Mary.	Carol and Robert:	"This is our mother."
	Mrs Bell:	"I'm Robert and Carol's mother. Carol is my daughter and Robert is my son."
You have already met George.	Carol and Robert:	"This is our father."
	Mr Bell:	"I'm Robert and Carol's father. Carol is my daughter and Robert is my son."

!Note - We sometimes call our sisters and brothers siblings. They can be little or big brothers or sisters . A little brother or sister is younger a big brother or sister is older.

For example: I have two siblings, they are my big sisters, I don't have any little sisters, I am the youngest. I don't have any brothers either.

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"It's nice to meet you", and when departing "It was nice to meet you".

SUBSEQUENT MEETINGS

FORMAL	POSSIBLE GREETINGS	POSSIBLE RESPONSES
	Hello, Mrs Hand. It's nice to see you again.	What a pleasant surprise! How are you? It's been a while.

	Good morning Mrs Hand. How are you today?	I'm very well thank you. And you?

	Good afternoon, Mrs Hand. It's good to see you.	Thank you. It's nice to see you too. How are you?

	Hello Lynne. How are you doing?	Fine thanks. What's new with you?

	Hi, Lynne! How's it going?	Not too bad, busy as ever.
	Hi, Lynne. How are things?	Oh fine. You know how it is.
INFORMAL

!Note - on first meeting say, "It's nice to meet you", and when departing "It was nice to meet you".

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ANIMALS ON THE FARM

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ANIMALS THAT LIVE ON A FARM ARE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, THEY MAY BE CALLED FARM ANIMALS.

	GENERIC NAME	MALE	FEMALE	YOUNG	GROUP NAME	OTHER INFORMATION
MAMMALS
	CATTLE	Bull	Cow	Calf	Herd / Kine	Mostly farmed for milk and meat (called beef).
	DEER (DEER)	Stag	Doe	Fawn	Herd	Deer are farmed for their meat (venison) on special deer farms in the UK.
	DOG(S)	Dog	Bitch	Puppy	Pack (a group of puppies is called a litter)	Mostly used for work, protection and herding on farms. Dog meat is not eaten in the UK.
	DONKEY	Jack	Jenny	Colt	Drove	Mostly raised for pleasure. Donkey meat is not eaten in the UK.
	GOAT(S)	Billy	Nanny	Kid	Flock	Mostly farmed for milk and cheese. Not many people eat goat meat in the UK.
	HORSE(S)	Stallion	Mare	Foal	Herd	Mostly farmed for work, leisure or sport (riding etc). Not many people in the UK would knowingly eat horse meat, although there is a trade for pet meat.
	PIG(S)	Boar	Sow	Piglet	Litter	Mostly farmed for its meat (called pork).
	SHEEP	Ram	Ewe	Lamb / Mutton	Flock	Mostly farmed for wool and meat. The meat is called lamb from sheep less than a year old and mutton from older sheep.
						Thanks to John-David Kraaikamp for pointing out my mistake.
BIRDS
	CHICKEN(S)	Cockerel	Hen	Chick	Brood	Farmed for its meat and eggs. A farm that only raises birds is a poultry farm.
	DUCK(S)	Drake	Hen	Duckling	Brace	A wild fowl and a farmed bird. Mostly farmed for its meat.
	GOOSE (GEESE)	Gander	Goose	Gosling	Gaggle	A wild fowl and a farmed bird. Mostly farmed for its meat.
INSECTS
	BEE(S)	Drone	Queen / Worker	Larva	Swarm	Bees live in hives, and are farmed for their honey. A bee farm is often called an apiary. Someone who keeps bees is usually called a beekeeper.
FISH
	SALMON	Jack	Hen	Fry	Shoal	Yes, salmon is farmed in the UK.
	TROUT	Jack	Hen	Fry	Shoal	Yes, there are trout farms in the UK too.

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WILD ANIMALS IN BRITAIN

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HERE ARE SOME OF THE MOST COMMON ONES.

CLICK ON THE PICTURE.	GENERIC NAME	MALE	FEMALE	YOUNG	GROUP NAME	OTHER INFORMATION
MAMMALS
	BADGER(S)	Boar	Sow	Cub or Kit	Colony	(An old English name for a badger is a brock) They live in a set.
	BAT(S)	Male	Female	Pup	Colony	Bats are a protected species in the UK.
	DEER (DEER)	Stag	Doe	Fawn	Herd
	FOX(ES)	Dog-fox / Reynard	She-fox / Vixen	Cub	Skulk	Foxes live in an earth.
	HARE(S)	Jack	Jill	Leveret	Down	Hares live in forms.
	HEDGEHOG(S)	Boar	Sow	Piglet	Prickle
	MOLE(S)	Male	Female	Pup	Labour	Moles live in holes.
	MOUSE (MICE)	Buck	Doe	Pup	Nest
	OTTER(S)	Dog	Bitch	Kitten	Family	Otters live in dens.
	RABBIT(S)	Buck	Doe	Kit / Bunny	Colony	Rabbits live in warrens.
	RAT(S)	Buck	Doe	Kitten / Pup	Nest	Rats often live in sewers.
	SQUIRREL(S)	Buck	Doe	Pup	Dray	There are two kinds of squirrel in the UK. The common grey squirrel and the rarer red squirrel. Only the red squirrel is a native.
	STOAT(S)	Jack	Jill	Kit	Pack
	WEASEL(S)	Jack	Jill	Kit	Sneak
BIRDS	Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying, vertebrate animals.	Cock	Hen	Nestling / Hatchling/ Fledgling	Flock(s)	Most birds live in nests.
	CROW(S)	Male	Female	Young	Murder
	DOVE(S)	Cock	Hen	Squab	Cote
	DUCK(S)	Drake	Hen	Duckling	Flock
	GOOSE (GEESE)	Gander	Goose	Gosling	If a group of geese is flying, it becomes a "skein". If they are on land or water, they're a "gaggle".
	HAWK(S)	Hen	Tiercel	Eyas	Aerie
	HERON(S)				Hedge
	KINGFISHER(S)
	OWL(S)	Owl	Jenny	Owlet	Parliament
	PEAFOWL	Peacock	Peahen	Peachick	Pride
	PHEASANT(S)	Cock	Hen	Chick	Brood
	PIGEON(S)	Cock	Hen	Squab	Flight
	ROBIN(S)	Cock	Hen	Chick
	ROOK(S)	Cock	Hen	Chick	Building
	SPARROW(S)	Cock	Hen	Chick	Flock
	STARLING(S)	Cock	Hen	Chick	Flock
	SWAN(S)	Cob	Pen	Signet	Bevy
INSECTS	An invertebrate whose body is comprised of three segments and six legs.				Swarm
	ANT(S)	Prince / Drone	Queen / Princess / Worker	Antling	Army / Nest	Ants have a strange matriarchal set up. The Queen spends her life laying eggs, there is only one queen per colony. Worker ants are non-reproducing female worker ants, the daughters of the queen. Soldier ants are sterile females who defend the colony. The male ants are small ants that have wings. They fly from the colony to mate with a queen.
	BEE(S)	Drone	Queen / Worker	Larva	Hive	There are three types of honey bee. The Queen who lays the eggs. The workers are females who gather food, make honey, build the six-sided honeycomb, tend eggs, and guard the hive. And the drones are males who mate with the queen.